秦岭2种林分土壤性质的季节性变化对细菌群落多样性和组成的影响

研究秦岭山区2种林分土壤性质的季节性变化对土壤细菌群落多样性和结构特征影响,为该区生态恢复及物质循环提供理论依据。以云杉林和红桦林土壤为对象,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术初步探讨了这2种林分不同季节土壤细菌多样性（Chao1指数和Shannon指数）和群落组成,并采用相关分析和冗余分析（RDA）等方法,探讨了土壤性质,包括pH、土壤温度、土壤含水量（SWC）、土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（EOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）和易氧化有机碳（DOC）对土壤细菌多样性和群落的影响。结果表明:1）2种林分土壤细菌Chao1指数和Shannon指数具有明显的季节性变化特征,夏季最高,冬季最低,春季和秋季居中。2）2种林分土壤中酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门,酸杆菌门相对丰度在秋季最大,冬季最低,而拟杆菌门相对丰度则相反,在冬季达到最大值,秋季最低。3）相关分析表明,细菌多样性与温度负相关,与土壤pH、SWC、SOC、EOC、DOC和MBC含量正相关。4）RDA分析结果表明,SWC是影响真菌群落组成季节性变化的主要因素,其次是EOC和SOC含量。这些研究结果表明,秦岭林区土壤细菌群落多样性及群落组成的季节性变化是土壤养分及土壤环境因素（温度和含水量）共同作用的结果。     

土施纳米氧化锌对蚯蚓生理和黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)由于其独特的理化性质,被广泛应用于各行各业,在带来巨大利益的同时也存在着潜在风险,如细胞毒性、基因毒性等。在土壤环境中,ZnO NPs可能会对陆地生态系统中的生物构成严重威胁。本研究采用盆栽试验的方法,评估了ZnO NPs对蚯蚓生理以及黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:各处理ZnO NPs对蚯蚓的生长发育影响不显著,但随着浓度的增加,蚯蚓的抗氧化酶活性发生变化,SOD呈现出增加的趋势,CAT和POD先降低再上升,二者表现为协同作用。当ZnO NPs处理为1 000 mg·kg-1时,蚯蚓受到的氧化胁迫最大,MDA含量较对照增加了19.2%。对于黄瓜幼苗而言,ZnO NPs处理能够普遍增强植株氧化应激,除了SOD在1 000 mg·kg-1时受到抑制外,SOD、CAT、POD及MDA均随浓度的增加而增加。蚯蚓的加入能显著促进幼苗生长,增加生物量、提高根系活力,同时也能在一定程度上缓解或抑制ZnO NPs对植株造成的损伤。ZnO NPs处理为500mg·kg-1和1 000 mg·kg-1时,SOD分别较不加蚯蚓处理降低了76.7%、63.5%,MDA分别降低了28.6%、23.7%。在28 d培养周期中,蚯蚓对ZnO NPs响应较低,组织锌含量没有显著变化;黄瓜幼苗地上部和地下部锌含量均随着处理浓度的增加而增加,而添加蚯蚓的处理降低了植株的锌含量,也反映了蚯蚓在系统中对胁迫条件下的黄瓜幼苗生长的调控和缓解作用。     

Changes in soil organic carbon pools following long-term fertilization under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change. Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools, i.e., mineral-associated OC(MOC), particulate OC(POC, containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC), to fertilization regimes at Yangling(25-year), Tianshui(35-year) and Pingliang(37-year) under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau. The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments, i.e., control(no nutrient input, CK), chemical fertilizers(CF), and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers(MCF). Relative to the CK, long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134, 89 and 129 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 418, 153 and 384 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF in plough layer soils(0–20 cm), respectively, at the Yangling, Tianshui and Pingliang sites. The MOC pools accounted for 72, 67 and 64% of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76, 57 and 83 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF and 238, 118 and 156 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF, respectively. Moreover, the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions. The POC accordingly constituted 27, 33 and 36% of SOC, of which Light-POC accounted for 11, 17 and 22% and Heavy-POC for 17, 16 and 15% of SOC, respectively. The sequestration rates of POC were 58, 32 and 46 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 181, 90 and 228 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF at the three respective sites, in which Light-POC explained 59, 81 and 72% of POC under CF, and 60, 40 and 69% of POC under MCF, with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance. Compared with CK, the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC, whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio, mainly in the Light-POC pool. The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates. The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC, thus improving SOC quality, which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level.     

运用“碳足迹”的方法评估小麦秸秆及其生物质炭添加对农田生态系统净碳汇的影响

为分析添加秸秆、生物质炭后小麦生产过程中碳足迹的动态、分布以及构成,研究了不同处理在小麦生长期的CO2、N_2O、CH4排放情况,以及不同处理的单位面积碳足迹构成与碳足迹总量,试验设置5个处理:对照(CK)、常规施肥(N)、施肥并添加4 t·hm-2秸秆(NS)、施肥并添加4 t·hm-2生物质炭(NBClow)、施肥并添加8 t·hm-2生物质炭(NBChigh)。结果表明,小麦生产中碳足迹的构成主要为农田生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)和氮肥生产过程中的能源消耗,与常规施肥相比:添加4 t·hm-2秸秆、4 t·hm-2生物质炭与8 t·hm-2生物质炭处理,小麦产量分别增加了30.9%、66.3%和36.6%;添加4 t·hm-2秸秆使土壤CO2的季节排放总量增加了68.7%,生态系统N_2O的季节排放总量降低了33.9%,添加4 t·hm-2和8 t·hm-2生物质炭生态系统N_2O的季节排放总量降低了23.8%和58.6%,但是土壤CO2的季节排放总量没有显著性的差异;添加4 t·hm-2秸秆使小麦生产过程中的碳足迹升高了26.0%,添加4 t·hm-2和8 t·hm-2生物质炭碳足迹分别降低了198.0%和112.9%。生物质炭的添加降低了小麦生产过程中的碳足迹。     

NITROGEN USE AND MANAGEMENT IN ORCHARDS AND VEGETABLE FIELDS IN CHINA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

● Excessive application of N fertilizers in orchards and vegetable fields (OVFs) in China is particularly common. ● Long-term excessive application of N fertilizers has made OVFs hotspots for N surplus and loss in China. ● Nitrate accumulation in the soil profile is the main fate of N fertilizers in OVF systems. ● Reducing the N surplus is the most effective way to reduce N loss and increase NUE. China is the largest producer and consumer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Although the annual planting areas of orchards and vegetable fields (OVF) account for 20% of total croplands, they consume more than 30% of the mineral nitrogen fertilizers in China and have become hotspots of reactive N emissions. Excess N fertilization has not only reduced the N use efficiency (NUE) and quality of grown fruits and vegetables but has also led to soil acidification, biodiversity loss and climate change. Studies using ¹⁵N labeling analysis showed that the recovery rate of N fertilizer in OVFs was only 16.6%, and a high proportion of fertilizer N resided in soils (48.3%) or was lost to the environment (35.1%). Nitrate accumulation in the soil of OVFs is the main fate of N fertilizer in northern China, which threatens groundwater quality, while leaching and denitrification are the important N fates of N fertilizer in southern China. Therefore, taking different measures to reduce N loss and increase NUE based on the main pathways of N loss in the various regions is urgent, including rational N fertilization, substituting mineral N fertilizers with organic fertilizers, fertigation, and adding mineral N fertilizers with urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors.     

水肥优化管理对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

为筛选出适合渭北旱塬冬小麦生产的高产栽培技术模式,通过田间试验,以只施磷钾肥处理为对照,设置2种农户模式和5种水肥优化模式,研究优化施氮、补灌、秸秆覆盖、配施有机肥等措施集成的水肥管理模式对渭北旱塬冬小麦群体动态、干物质积累、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,冬小麦由苗期开始群体数量不断增加,至返青期达到最大值,然后开始下降。小麦干物质积累呈"慢-快-慢"变化趋势,以拔节至灌浆期积累最快。优化模式的全生育期干物质积累量较农户模式、对照分别提高21.8%和31.0%。在8个处理中,优化模式3-2[基施纯氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)、有机肥分别为87、120、45和30 000kg·hm-2,拔节期追氮43kg·hm-2,秸秆覆盖为4 500kg·hm-2,拔节初期灌水65mm]产量最高,为6 372.42kg·hm-2,比农户模式和对照分别增产23.5%和85.6%,是渭北旱塬南部有限灌溉条件下最适宜的冬小麦栽培技术模式。优化模式的有效穗数和穗粒数比农户模式分别增加5.8%～18.8%和3.6%～19.1%,是其增产的主要原因。     

改良剂对不同性质镉污染土壤中有效镉和小白菜镉吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了施用石灰、鸡粪、泥炭、石灰+鸡粪、石灰+泥炭处理对4种外加镉污染土壤上小白菜生物量、镉吸收量以及土壤有效镉含量和p H的影响。结果表明,各改良剂单施和有机物料+石灰配施均可以显著提高小白菜生物量,小白菜生物量较对照提高11.76%~59.38%,且改良剂配施效果优于单施;改良剂单施处理对小白菜的增产效果是鸡粪>泥炭>石灰,单施石灰能显著提高南方酸性土上小白菜生物量,对北方碱性土小白菜生物量影响不显著。与不施改良剂的对照相比,施用改良剂的处理明显降低了小白菜对镉的吸收量和土壤有效镉含量,且改良剂配施的效果好于单施,土壤有效镉含量较对照降低31.2%~67.0%;比较单施有机物料或单施石灰,在南方酸性土壤上,单施石灰效果好于单施有机物料,在北方碱性土上,单施有机物料效果则好于单施石灰。另外,在对土壤p H的影响上,单施鸡粪或石灰,鸡粪+石灰和泥炭+石灰四个处理均可以显著提高土壤p H,增幅在0.15~2.16个单位,且石灰、鸡粪+石灰和泥炭+石灰效果好于鸡粪处理,泥炭处理对南方酸性土p H影响不大,但可以降低北方碱性土的p H。     

添加矿物质对猪粪好氧堆肥中有机物降解的影响

为了探讨添加矿物材料对猪粪堆肥过程中有机物动态变化的影响,通过好氧堆肥的方式向猪粪和玉米秸秆粉混合物料中添加干质量分数为2.5%的粉煤灰、膨润土和风化煤等矿物质,用化学分析和红外光谱技术相结合的方法,对90 d好氧高温堆肥过程中有机质的动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:添加粉煤灰、风化煤或膨润土对猪粪堆肥的堆体温度变化均无明显影响,堆体温度能迅速升至近70℃,并维持在55℃以上超过7 d,达到高温堆肥的温度要求;随着堆肥时间的延长,各处理中总有机碳(TOC)和水溶性有机碳(WSC)含量均呈现出逐渐降低最后趋于相对稳定的趋势,但添加粉煤灰、风化煤和膨润土处理,能促进有机质的降解,促进能力依次为粉煤灰、膨润土、风化煤;添加粉煤灰、风化煤和膨润土等矿物质有利于猪粪堆肥的腐殖化过程进行,堆肥过程的雪里蕻种子萌发指数(GI)与WSC显著负相关、GI与胡敏酸的百分比(PHA)和腐殖酸聚合度(DP)显著正相关;红外光谱数据显示,在好氧堆肥过程中,含有—OH、—CH3和—CH2基团的化合物相对减少,而含有—CO、C—O—C、—COO基团和含芳香环类物质的含量逐渐增加,堆肥有机质降解可持续至60 d以后;添加粉煤灰、风化煤和膨润土会影响堆肥初期GI增加,但经过90 d好氧堆肥后,雪里蕻种子的GI均能大于0.5,所有堆肥处理均基本达到腐熟水平。     

新型生物炭基氮肥对土壤-冬小麦系统氮素累积及相关生物活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了掺混型、吸附型和反应型3种新型生物炭基硝酸铵氮肥在冬小麦生长过程中对土壤氮素累积及冬小麦对氮素的利用状况和相关生物活性的影响。试验处理包括CK(不施氮肥,不施生物炭)、硝酸铵氮肥、生物炭、掺混型生物炭基氮肥、吸附型及反应型生物炭基氮肥。研究结果表明:不同工艺制备的生物炭基氮肥对土壤铵态氮的累积具有显著影响,吸附型和反应型处理在冬小麦生长季铵态氮平均值大于对照(CK),对于总氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮累积量的影响不显著。除了生物炭单施处理外,其他处理均比CK显著提高冬小麦地上部的总氮累积量,但对冬小麦的氮素利用状况无显著影响,且三种炭基氮肥处理间无显著差异;施用不同类型生物炭基氮肥对土壤微生物量氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性具有提高作用,而对微生物量碳含量、亚硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性无显著影响。     

石灰和有机质对不同性质镉污染土壤中镉有效性的影响

通过土培试验研究了添加不同改良剂(鸡粪、泥炭和石灰)对我国不同性质土壤(云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土)镉污染的改良差异。结果表明,不同改良剂0～60 d内对四种镉污染土壤的改良效果均较为显著。鸡粪对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为37.0%、52.7%、29.3%和49.6%,显示鸡粪对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土云南赤红壤吉林黑土;泥炭对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为33.1%、51.7%、30.5%和51.2%,显示泥炭对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土吉林黑土≈云南赤红壤;石灰对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为60.7%、55.5%、40.7%、41.7%,显示石灰对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是云南赤红壤江西红壤吉林黑土≈内蒙栗钙土。综上可知,在对镉污染的酸性土壤改良上,石灰好于有机质,而对镉污染的中性和碱性土壤改良上,有机质则好于石灰。